Dallas
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For other uses, see Dallas (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Dalles or Dulles. "D-town" redirects here. For the record label, see D-town records.
Dallas, Texas
City
City of Dallas
Top to bottom, left to right: Downtown Dallas, State Fair of Texas at Fair Park, Old Red Museum, Winspear Opera House, Perot Museum, the American Airlines Center, the UT Southwestern Medical Center, Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge, JFK Memorial
Flag of Dallas, Texas
Flag
Seal of Dallas, Texas
Seal
Nicknames: Big D, D-Town, Triple D[1]
Location within Dallas County
Location within Dallas County
Map of the U.S.Map of the U.S.Dallas
Location within Texas
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Coordinates: 32°46′45″N 96°48′32″WCoordinates: 32°46′45″N 96°48′32″W
Country United States
State Texas
Counties Dallas, Collin, Denton, Rockwall, Kaufman
Incorporated February 2, 1856
Government
• Type Council–Manager
• Body Dallas City Council
• Mayor Eric Johnson (D)
Area[2]
• City 383.44 sq mi (993.10 km2)
• Land 339.58 sq mi (879.51 km2)
• Water 43.86 sq mi (113.59 km2)
• Urban 1,407.2 sq mi (3,645 km2)
Elevation 430 ft (131 m)
Population (2010)[3]
• City 1,197,816
• Estimate (2019)[4] 1,343,573
• Rank (US: 9th)
• Density 3,956.56/sq mi (1,527.64/km2)
• Urban 5,121,892 (6th)
• Metro 7,233,323 (4th)
• CSA 7,673,305 (7th)
• Demonym Dallasite
Time zone UTC−06:00 (Central)
• Summer (DST) UTC−05:00 (Central)
ZIP Codes
ZIP codes[5]
Area codes 214, 469, 972, 682, 817[6][7]
FIPS code 48-19000[8]
GNIS feature ID 1380944[9]
Primary airport Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
Secondary airport Dallas Love Field
Interstates I-20 (TX).svg I-30 (TX).svg I-45 (TX).svg
I-35E (TX).svg I-345 (TX).svg I-635 (TX).svg
U.S. routes US 67.svg US 75.svg US 77.svg US 80.svg US 175.svg
Commuter rail Trinity Railway Express
Rapid transit DART Light Rail
Website dallascityhall.com
Dallas (/ˈdæləs/) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city in and seat of Dallas County, with portions extending into Collin, Denton, Kaufman and Rockwall counties. With an estimated 2019 population of 1,343,573,[10] it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S.[11] and the third-largest in Texas after Houston and San Antonio.[12] Located in North Texas, the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea.[a] It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people.[13]
Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton, cattle and later oil in North and East Texas. The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas's prominence as a transportation hub, with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it. Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port, due to the convergence of major railroad lines, interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, one of the largest and busiest airports in the world.[14] In addition, Dallas has DART (Dallas Area Rapid Transit) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the Metroplex.[15]
Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense, financial services, information technology, telecommunications, and transportation.[16] Dallas is home to ten Fortune 500 companies within the city limits.[17] The Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex hosts a total of twenty-three Fortune 500 companies, including American Airlines (Fort Worth) and ExxonMobil (Irving).[18] The city has a population from a myriad of ethnic and religious backgrounds and one of the largest LGBT communities in the U.S.[19][20] WalletHub named Dallas the fifth most diverse city in the U.S. in 2018.[21]
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Architecture
2.2 Neighborhoods
2.2.1 Central Dallas
2.2.2 East Dallas
2.2.3 South Dallas
2.3 Districts
2.4 Topography
2.5 Climate
3 Demographics
3.1 Race and ethnicity
3.2 Sexual orientation and gender identity
3.3 Religion
3.4 Crime
4 Economy
5 Arts and culture
5.1 Arts and museums
5.2 Libraries
5.3 Places of interest
5.4 Cuisine
5.5 Events
6 Sports
6.1 Major league
6.2 Minor league
6.3 College
7 Parks and recreation
7.1 Fair Park
7.2 Klyde Warren Park
7.3 Turtle Creek Parkway park
7.4 Lake Cliff Park
7.5 Reverchon Park
7.6 Trinity River Project
7.7 Katy Trail
7.8 Preserves
7.9 Dallas Zoo
8 Government
8.1 Local representation
8.2 Federal and state representation
8.3 Politics
9 Education
9.1 Colleges and universities
9.1.1 Colleges and universities within Dallas city limits
9.1.2 Colleges and universities within Dallas County
9.1.3 University Research Center
9.1.4 Other area colleges and universities
9.2 Primary and secondary schools
9.2.1 Private schools
10 Media
11 Infrastructure
11.1 Public safety
11.2 Health care
11.3 Utilities
12 Transportation
12.1 Highways
12.2 Airports
12.3 Transit systems
13 International relations
13.1 Sister cities
13.2 Friendship cities
14 See also
15 Notes
16 References
17 Further reading
18 External links
History
Main article: History of Dallas
See also: Timeline of Dallas
Preceded by thousands of years of varying cultures, the Caddo people inhabited the Dallas area before Spanish colonists claimed the territory of Texas in the 18th century as a part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Later, France also claimed the area but never established much settlement. In all, six flags have flown over the area preceding and during the city's history: those of France, Spain, and Mexico, the flag of the Republic of Texas, the Confederate flag, and the flag of the United States of America.[22]
In 1819, the Adams-Onís Treaty between the United States and Spain defined the Red River as the northern boundary of New Spain, officially placing the future location of Dallas well within Spanish territory.[23][page needed] The area remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico declared independence from Spain, and the area was considered part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. In 1836, Texians, with a majority of Anglo-American settlers, gained independence from Mexico and formed the Republic of Texas.[24]
Three years after Texas achieved independence, John Neely Bryan surveyed the area around present-day Dallas.[25] In 1839, accompanied by his dog and a Cherokee he called Ned, he planted a stake in the ground on a bluff located near three forks of the Trinity River and left.[26] Two years later, in 1841, he returned to establish a permanent settlement named Dallas.[27] The origin of the name is uncertain. The official historical marker states it was named after Vice President George M. Dallas of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. However, this is disputed. Other potential theories for the origin include his brother, Commodore Alexander James Dallas, as well as brothers Walter R. Dallas or James R. Dallas.[28][29] A further theory gives the ultimate origin as the village of Dallas, Moray, Scotland, similar to the way Houston, Texas, was named after Sam Houston whose ancestors came from the Scottish village of Houston, Renfrewshire. The Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845 and Dallas County was established the following year. Dallas was formally incorporated as a city on February 2, 1856.[14] In the mid-1800s, a group of French Socialists established La Réunion, a short-lived community, along the Trinity River in what is now West Dallas.[30]
With the construction of railroads, Dallas became a business and trading center and was booming by the end of the 19th century. It became an industrial city, attracting workers from Texas, the South, and the Midwest. The Praetorian Building in Dallas of 15 stories, built in 1909, was the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi and the tallest building in Texas for some time.[31] It marked the prominence of Dallas as a city. A racetrack for thoroughbreds was built and their owners established the Dallas Jockey Club. Trotters raced at a track in Fort Worth, where a similar drivers club was based. The rapid expansion of population increased competition for jobs and housing.
In 1921, the Mexican president Álvaro Obregón along with the former revolutionary general visited Downtown Dallas's Mexican Park in Little Mexico; the small park was on the corner of Akard and Caruth Street, site of the current Fairmont Hotel.[32] The small neighborhood of Little Mexico was home to a Latin American population that had been drawn to Dallas by factors including the American Dream, better living conditions,[33] and the Mexican Revolution.[34]
President John F. Kennedy riding in a convertible car outside Dallas, along with his wife, Jacqueline, and others inside, minutes before he was killed.
During World War II, Dallas was a major manufacturing center for military automobiles and aircraft for the United States and Allied forces. Over 94,000 jeeps and over 6,000 military trucks were produced at the Ford plant in East Dallas.[35] North American Aviation manufactured over 18,000 aircraft at their plant in Dallas, including the T-6 Texan trainer, P-51 Mustang fighter, and B-24 Liberator bomber.[36]
On November 22, 1963, United States President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on Elm Street while his motorcade passed through Dealey Plaza in Downtown Dallas.[37] The upper two floors of the building from which assassin Lee Harvey Oswald shot Kennedy,[38] the Texas School Book Depository, have been converted into a historical museum covering the former president's life and accomplishments. Kennedy died at Parkland Memorial Hospital, 30 minutes after the shooting.
On July 7, 2016, multiple shots were fired at a Black Lives Matter protest in Downtown Dallas, held against the police killings of two black men from other states. The gunman, later identified as Micah Xavier Johnson, began firing at police officers at 8:58 p.m., killing five officers and injuring nine. Two bystanders were also injured. This marked the deadliest day for U.S. law enforcement since the September 11 attacks. Johnson told police during a standoff that he was upset about recent police shootings of black men and wanted to kill whites, especially white officers.[39][40] After hours of negotiation failed, police resorted to a robot-delivered bomb, killing Johnson inside El Centro College. The shooting occurred in an area of hotels, restaurants, businesses, and residential apartments only a few blocks away from Dealey Plaza.
Geography
Dallas is situated in the Southern United States, in North Texas. It is the county seat of Dallas County and portions of the city extend into neighboring Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties. Many suburbs surround Dallas; three enclaves are within the city boundaries—Cockrell Hill, Highland Park, and University Park. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 385.8 square miles (999.3 km2); 340.5 square miles (881.9 km2) of Dallas is land and 45.3 square miles (117.4 km2) of it (11.75%) is water.[41] Dallas makes up one-fifth of the much larger urbanized area known as the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, in which one quarter of all Texans live.
Architecture
See also: List of Dallas Landmarks and List of tallest buildings in Dallas
Dallas's skyline has twenty buildings classified as skyscrapers, over 150 meters in height.[42] Despite its tallest building not reaching 300 meters, Dallas does have a signature building in Bank of America Plaza which is lit up in neon but falls outside the top two hundred tallest buildings in the world. Although some of Dallas's architecture dates from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most of the notable architecture in the city is from the modernist and postmodernist eras. Iconic examples of modernist architecture include Reunion Tower, the JFK Memorial, I. M. Pei's Dallas City Hall and the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center.[43] Good examples of postmodernist skyscrapers are Fountain Place, Bank of America Plaza, Renaissance Tower, JPMorgan Chase Tower, and Comerica Bank Tower. Downtown Dallas also has residential offerings in downtown, some of which are signature skyline buildings.
Several smaller structures are fashioned in the Gothic Revival style, such as the Kirby Building, and the neoclassical style, as seen in the Davis and Wilson Buildings. One architectural "hotbed" in the city is a stretch of historic houses along Swiss Avenue, which has all shades and variants of architecture from Victorian to neoclassical.[44] The Dallas Downtown Historic District protects a cross-section of Dallas commercial architecture from the 1880s to the 1940s.
Neighborhoods
See also: List of neighborhoods in Dallas
The city of Dallas is home to many areas, neighborhoods, and communities. Dallas can be divided into several geographical areas which include larger geographical sections of territory including many subdivisions or neighborhoods, forming macroneighborhoods.
Central Dallas
Elm Street at night, January 1942
Central Dallas is anchored by Downtown, the center of the city, along with Oak Lawn and Uptown, areas characterized by dense retail, restaurants, and nightlife.[45] Downtown Dallas has a variety of named districts, including the West End Historic District, the Arts District, the Main Street District, Farmers Market District, the City Center Business District, the Convention Center District, and the Reunion District. "Hot spots" in this area include Uptown, Victory Park, Harwood, Oak Lawn, Dallas Design District, Trinity Groves, Turtle Creek, Cityplace, Knox/Henderson, Greenville, and West Village.
East Dallas
East Dallas is home to Deep Ellum, a trendy arts area close to Downtown, the homey Lakewood neighborhood (and adjacent areas, including Lakewood Heights, Wilshire Heights, Lower Greenville, Junius Heights, and Hollywood Heights/Santa Monica), historic Vickery Place and Bryan Place, and the architecturally significant neighborhoods of Swiss Avenue and Munger Place. Its historic district has one of the largest collections of Frank Lloyd Wright-inspired prairie-style homes in the United States. In the northeast quadrant of the city is Lake Highlands, one of Dallas's most unified middle-class neighborhoods.[46]
Named after a Dallas philanthropist, the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge spans the Trinity River
South Dallas
South Dallas, a distinct neighborhood southeast of Downtown, lays claim to the Cedars, an eclectic artist hotbed, and Fair Park, home of the annual State Fair of Texas, held from late September through mid-October.[47] Southwest of Downtown lies Oak Cliff, a hilly area that has undergone gentrification in recent years, in neighborhoods such as the Bishop Arts District. Oak Cliff was a township founded in the mid-1800s and annexed in 1903 by Dallas.[48] Today, most of the area's northern residents are Hispanic and Latin American. The ghost town of La Reunion once occupied the north tip of Oak Cliff. South Oak Cliff's population is a mix of African American, Hispanic, and Native American.
South Side Dallas is a popular location for nightly entertainment at the NYLO rooftop patio and lounge,[49] The Cedars Social.[50] The neighborhood has undergone extensive development and community integration. What was once an area characterized by high rates of poverty and crime is now one of the city's most attractive social and living destinations.[51][52]
Further east, in the southeast quadrant of the city, is the large neighborhood of Pleasant Grove. Once an independent city, it is a collection of mostly lower-income residential areas stretching to Seagoville in the southeast. Though a city neighborhood, Pleasant Grove is surrounded by undeveloped land on all sides. Swampland and wetlands separating it from South Dallas are part of the Great Trinity Forest,[53] a subsection of the city's Trinity River Project, newly appreciated for habitat and flood control.
Dallas Arts District
Districts
Bishop Arts District
Casa Linda
Casa View
Cedars, The
Deep Ellum
Design District
Downtown
Exposition Park
Fair Park
Highland Hills
Kessler Park
Knox-Henderson
Lakewood
Lake Highlands
Lower Greenville
"M" Streets
Oak Cliff
Oak Lawn
Park Cities
Pleasant Grove
Preston Hollow
Southwestern Medical District
Trinity Groves
Turtle Creek
Uptown
Victory Park
West End
Skyline of Dallas (2015)
Uptown Dallas has been in the state of Manhattanization since the mid 2010s
Topography
Main article: Geology of the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex
Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden
Dallas and its surrounding area are mostly flat. The city lies at elevations ranging from 450 to 550 feet (137 to 168 m) above sea level. The western edge of the Austin Chalk Formation, a limestone escarpment (also known as the "White Rock Escarpment" wink , rises 230 feet (70 m) and runs roughly north–south through Dallas County. South of the Trinity River, the uplift is particularly noticeable in the neighborhoods of Oak Cliff and the adjacent cities of Cockrell Hill, Cedar Hill, Grand Prairie, and Irving. Marked variations in terrain are also found in cities immediately to the west in Tarrant County surrounding Fort Worth, as well as along Turtle Creek north of Downtown.
Dallas, like many other cities, was founded along a river. The city was founded at the location of a "white rock crossing" of the Trinity River, where it was easier for wagons to cross the river in the days before ferries or bridges. The Trinity River, though not usefully navigable, is the major waterway through the city. Interstate 35E parallels its path through Dallas along the Stemmons Corridor, then south alongside the western portion of Downtown and past South Dallas and Pleasant Grove, where the river is paralleled by Interstate 45 until it exits the city and heads southeast towards Houston. The river is flanked on both sides by 50 feet (15 m) tall earthen levees to protect the city from frequent floods.[54]
Since it was rerouted in the late 1920s, the river has been little more than a drainage ditch within a floodplain for several miles above and below Downtown, with a more normal course further upstream and downstream, but as Dallas began shifting towards postindustrial society, public outcry about the lack of aesthetic and recreational use of the river ultimately gave way to the Trinity River Project,[55] which was begun in the early 2000s.
The project area reaches for over 20 miles (32 km) in length within the city, while the overall geographical land area addressed by the Land Use Plan is approximately 44,000 acres (180 km2) in size—about 20% of the land area in Dallas. Green space along the river encompasses approximately 10,000 acres (40 km2), making it one of the largest and diverse urban parks in the world.[56]
White Rock Lake, a reservoir built at the beginning of the 20th century, is Dallas's other significant water feature. The lake and surrounding park is a popular destination for boaters, rowers, joggers, and bikers, as well as visitors seeking peaceful respite from the city at the 66-acre (267,000 m2) Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden, on the lake's eastern shore. White Rock Creek feeds into White Rock Lake, and then exits on to the Trinity River southeast of Downtown Dallas. Trails along White Rock Creek are part of the extensive Dallas County Trails System.
Bachman Lake, just northwest of Love Field Airport, is a smaller lake also popularly used for recreation. Northeast of the city is Lake Ray Hubbard, a vast 22,745-acre (92 km2) reservoir in an extension of Dallas surrounded by the suburbs of Garland, Rowlett, Rockwall, and Sunnyvale.[57] To the west of the city is Mountain Creek Lake, once home to the Naval Air Station Dallas (Hensley Field) and a number of defense aircraft manufacturers.[58] North Lake, a small body of water in an extension of the city limits surrounded by Irving and Coppell, initially served as a water source for a nearby power plant but is now being targeted for redevelopment as a recreational lake due to its proximity to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, a plan the lake's neighboring cities oppose.[59]
Climate
Main article: Climate of Dallas
Dallas, Texas
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
2.1 5737
2.6 6141
3.5 6949
3.1 7756
4.9 8465
4.1 9273
2.2 9677
1.9 9677
2.8 8969
4.8 7958
2.9 6748
2.7 5839
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Metric conversion
Dallas has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa) characteristic of the Southern Plains of the United States. It also has continental characteristics, characterized by a relatively wide annual temperature range for the latitude. Located at the lower end of Tornado Alley, it is prone to extreme weather, tornadoes, and hailstorms.
Summers in Dallas are very hot and humid, although low humidity characteristics of desert locations can appear at any time of the year. July and August are typically the hottest months, with an average high of 96.0 °F (36 °C) and an average low of 76.7 °F (25 °C). Heat indices regularly surpass 105 °F (41 °C) at the height of summer. The all-time record high is 113 °F (45 °C), set on June 26 and 27, 1980 during the Heat Wave of 1980 at nearby Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport.[60][61]
Winters in Dallas are cool to mild, with occasional cold spells. The average date of first frost is November 12, and the average date of last frost is March 12.[62] January is typically the coldest month, with an average daytime high of 56.8 °F (14 °C) and an average nighttime low of 37.3 °F (3 °C). The normal daily average temperature in January is 47.0 °F (8 °C) but sharp swings in temperature can occur, as strong cold fronts known as "Blue Northers" pass through the Dallas region, forcing daytime highs below the 50 °F (10 °C) mark for several days at a time and often between days with high temperatures above 80 °F (27 °C). Snow accumulation is seen in the city in about 70% of winter seasons, and snowfall generally occurs 1–2 days out of the year for a seasonal average of 1.5 inches (4 cm). Some areas in the region, however, receive more than that, while other areas receive negligible snowfall or none at all.[63] The all-time record low temperature within the city is −3 °F (−19 °C), set on January 18, 1930.
Spring and autumn are transitional seasons with moderate and pleasant weather. Vibrant wildflowers (such as the bluebonnet, Indian paintbrush and other flora) bloom in spring and are planted around the highways throughout Texas.[64] Springtime weather can be quite volatile, but temperatures themselves are mild. The weather in Dallas is also generally pleasant from late September to early December and on many winter days. Autumn often brings more storms and tornado threats, but they are usually fewer and less severe than in spring.
Each spring, cold fronts moving south from the North collide with warm, humid air streaming in from the Gulf Coast, leading to severe thunderstorms with lightning, torrents of rain, hail, and occasionally, tornadoes. Over time, tornadoes have probably been the most significant natural threat to the city, as it is near the heart of Tornado Alley.
A few times each winter in Dallas, warm and humid air from the south will override cold, dry air, resulting in freezing rain or ice and causing disruptions in the city if the roads and highways become slick. Temperatures reaching 70 °F (21 °C) on average occur on at least four days each winter month. Dallas averages 26 annual nights at or below freezing,[60] with the winter of 1999–2000 holding the record for the fewest freezing nights with 14. During this same span of 15 years,[specify] the temperature in the region has only twice dropped below 15 °F (−9 °C), though it will generally fall below 20 °F (−7 °C) in most (67%) years.[60]
The U.S. Department of Agriculture places Dallas in Plant Hardiness Zone 8a.[65][66] However, mild winter temperatures in the past 15 to 20 years have encouraged the horticulture of some cold-sensitive plants such as Washingtonia filifera and Washingtonia robusta palms. According to the American Lung Association, Dallas has the 12th highest air pollution among U.S. cities, ranking it behind Los Angeles and Houston.[67] Much of the air pollution in Dallas and the surrounding area comes from a hazardous materials incineration plant in the small town of Midlothian and from cement plants in neighboring Ellis County.[68]
The average daily low in Dallas is 57.4 °F (14 °C), and the average daily high is 76.9 °F (25 °C). Dallas receives approximately 37.6 inches (955 mm) of rain per year. The record snowfall for Dallas was 11.2 inches (28 cm) on February 11, 2010.
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